Turkish consonants (in IPA):| Glottal | Velar | Palatal | Post-alveolar | Alveolar | labio-dental | Bilabial | (1) | |||||||
| ? | g | k | ɟ | c | d | t | b | p | plosives | |||||
| h | F | Z | S | z | s | v | f | fricative | ||||||
| n | m | nasal | ||||||||||||
| dZ | tS | affricate | ||||||||||||
| R | tap | |||||||||||||
| j | approximant | |||||||||||||
| l | ɫ | lateral | ||||||||||||
Turkish vowels:
| (2) | high | high | mid | Mid-low |
| rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | |
| front | y | i (i:) | 2 | e (e:) |
| central-back | u (u:) | 1 | o | A(A:) |
syllable structure:
| (3) | initial | midial | final |
| V | acaba [a-dZa-ba] 'one wonders' | ||
| CV | Kara [ka-Ra] 'black' | Kalabalik [ka-la-ba-l1k] 'crowded' | Yedi [ye-di] 'seven' or '7' |
| CV:(C) | Mavi [ma:-vi] 'blue' | Sa'at [sa:t] 'hour' or 'clock' | Matba'a [mat-ba:] 'press' |
| VC | Ev [ev] 'home' | ||
| CVC | Fazla [faz-la] 'excessively' | Ejderhan [eZ-de4-han] 'dragon' | ÇekiÇ[tSe-kitS] 'hammer' |
| VCC | aşk [aSk] “love” | ||
| CVCC | türk [tyRk] 'turkish' | ||
| CCVC | spor [spor] 'sport' |
*all examples are taken from Goksel and Kerslake (2005).
.1.
In this paper I will describe the emphatic reduplication phnomenon in modern Turkish. The emphatic reduplication is a prefix added to adjectives. its function is mostly as a modifier (very/really). Some of the reduplicated adjectives became “phrases” and therefore lost its emphatic meaning, but the basic function is to modifie the adjectives.stems that begin with a vowel, their prefix consists of the vowel's reduplication followed by a /p/ as in: ince 'thin' --> ip-ince 'very thin' . Stems that begin with a consonant and a vowel (CV), their prefix consists of the first CV's reduplication followed by either /p/, /m/, /s/, or /r/, (see table 4 below).
| (4) | /s/ | /p/ | /r/ | /m/ |
| /b/ | Bes-belli [bes.beli] 'very obviouse' | Bom-boş [bom.boS] 'completly empty' | ||
| /dZ/ | Cis-civik [dZis.dZi.vik] 'very squishy' | Cap-canli [dZap.dZan.li] 'very live' | ||
| /d/ | Dos-doğru [dos.do:Ru] 'very true' | Dop-dolu [dop.do.lu] 'very full' | Dim-dik [dim.dik] 'very eract' | |
| /g/ | Gep-genÇ [gep.gen tS] 'very late' | |||
| /tS/ | Çep-Çevre [tSep.tSev.re] 'all around' | Çar-Çabuk [tSaR.tSbuk] 'very fast' | ||
| /k/ | Kos-kocaman [kos.ko.dZa.man] 'really huge' | Kip-kirmizi [kip.kiR.mi.zi] 'very red' | ||
| /m/ | Mas-mavi [mas.ma:.vi] 'very blue' | |||
| /p/ | Pes-pembe [pes.pem.be] 'bright pink' | Per-perişan [peR.periSan] 'in a very miserable' | ||
| /s/ | Sap-sari [sap.sa.Ri] 'bright yellow' | Ser-sefil [seR.sefil] 'very miserable' | Sim-siyah [sim.si.jah] 'totally black' | |
| /t/ | Tas-tamam [tas.ta.mam] 'very OK' | Tertemiz [teR.temiz] 'very clean | ||
| /y/ | Yus-yumru [yus.yumRu] 'very rounded' | Yap-yalniz [yap.yal.niz] 'all alone' | Yem-yeşil [jep.je.Sil] 'very green' |
*all examples are taken from Goksel and Kerslake (2005).
1.1
Most of the reduplicative prefixes are consisted of /p/( in addition to the reduplicative CV from the stem)/ if the stem's initial is labial (/b/, /p/, /m/) or /t/ the /p/ in the prefix is replaced with either /s/, /r/ or /m/. /r/ has the least cases of appearing in the prefix. /s/ and /m/ are the better option for when /p/ is not applicable in the prefix. /s/ takes the cases of when the initial syllable of the stem is CV while /m/ takes the stems which has the CVC initial syllables. /s/ takes the cases when the first C is /m/ and /m/ takes the cases when the first C is /s/. In case that the CVC's last C is /m/ the prefix consists of /s/ and when the CVC's last C is /s/ the prefix consists of /m/.
1.2
in some cases V is added at the end of the prefix, as in: gündüz --> güp-e-gündüz 'in broad daylight'. Other cases adds aVC in addition to the CVC of the prefix such as: parça --> par-am-parça 'shreded into pieces' and çiplak --> çir-il-çiplak 'completely naked'. These cases are beyond the scope of this paper along with the analysis of the reduplicated /R/. these cases are irregular and will not behave according to the constraints i'm offering.
According to Wedel (1999), /p/ is the elsewhere affixal consonant chosen for the reduplicant's coda. The reduplicant will change its coda consonant only when CV or CVC onset is in the base. When reduplicating a V or VC onset bases, like :
'indZe 'thin' --> ip-indZe 'very thin', /p/ will be chosen. For the rest of the cases I will try to suggest these next constraints.
2. constraints:
the input of the emphatic reduplication is:
[[[RED +[p,m,s]] +base] or [[[C1V +[C2]] +C1V/.C2]
RED Is the first CV of the base plus one of the 3 consonants. In each tableau I will only run 3 candidates using the 3 Consonants.
2.1 (*shared place): C2 in the reduplicant and C1 in the base must not have a common place of articulation.
(*shared manner): C2 in the reduplicant And C1 in the base must not have a common manner of articulation.
(5)
| /ba+ [p,m,s]+baSka/ | *repeat | *shared place | *shared manner |
| a. bambaSka | * | ||
| b. bapbaSka | * | *! | |
| c. basbaSka | *! |
/ baSka/ 'different'
both *shared contraints are violated by (b). (c) does not violate *shared but still (a) is chosen because *repeat is more highly ranked and C2 in the base /S/ and C2 in the reduplicant /s/ are too similar and will create a semi-repeat.
2.2
(*CiCi): no geminate, C2 in the reduplicant And C1 in the base must not be identical.
(6)
| /mo +[p,m,s] +mor/ | *CiCi | *shared place |
| a. mommor | *! | |
| b. mopmor | *! | |
| c. mosmor |
/mor/ 'purple'
(a) is violating *CiCi creating a geminate. (b) is violating *shared place. Only (c ) is not violating any constraint and there for chosen.
2.3
(*repeat): the initial CVC of the base must not be the same CVC of the reduplicantC2 in both the reduplicant And the base can not even have a common mannar of place of articulation like:
/s/ and /S/. Must not repeat the same sequence of the base's CVC, even when C2 in the base is not the coda but the onset of the next CV/CVC.
(7)
| /pe +[p,m,s]+ pembe/ | *CiCi | *repeat |
| a. peppembe | *! | |
| b. pempembe | *! | |
| c. pespembe |
/pembe/ 'pink'
(a) is not chosen because of the geminate /p/ created. (b) is ruled out by *repeat and the optimal candidate is (c ) being the non labial option /s/.
2.4
adjectives like 'miskin' [helpless] and 'mest' [delighted] are being reduplicated with the elsewhere /p/
tablau (8) shows that *CiCi and *repeat are ranked higher than *shared place. The ranking of *repeat and *CiCi is not clear.
(8)
| /mi +[p,m,s] +miskin/ | *CiCi | *repeat | *shared place |
| a. mimmiskin | *! | ||
| b. mipmiskin | * | ||
| c. mismiskin | *! |
אין תגובות:
הוסף רשומת תגובה